SLC5A2 and liver dysplastic nodule: Compared with commonly used drugs that have relatively single targets of action and significant adverse reactions (Sanchez-Rangel and Inzucchi, 2017; Dholariya et al., 2023), such as metformin and SGLT2 inhibitors, research has found that HLB can, through various components like trigonelline and polysaccharides, improve DN in multiple ways, including reducing blood sugar, regulating lipid metabolism, and countering oxidative stress, thus providing more treatment options for DN.