Second, unlike checkpoint inhibitors that only stimulate T cell activation, IL-1 ligands can activate NK cells (Fig. 2A) [29, 30], in addition to CD4+ (Fig. 2C) [31] and CD8+ T cells (Fig. 2D) [32–34] suggesting a more broad anti-tumor immune cell profile may be stimulated. This evidence concerns the gene CD8A and neoplasm.