Further, lactylation levels in tumor tissues demonstrated remarkable specificity (86.7%), sensitivity (92.9%), and an area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) of 95.59 for predicting immunotherapy outcomes, surpassing commonly used indicators such as PD-L1 expression, tumor mutation burden (TMB), and microsatellite instability (MSI) (13–16). Here, CD274 is linked to neoplasm.