SHH and cancer: Moreover, curcumin regulates growth factors, transcription factors, kinases, enzymes, as well as pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic proteins, targeting cancer cell signaling pathways (such as Rb, p23, MAPK, PI3K/Akt, JAK/STAT, Shh and NF-κB), thereby promoting cancer cell apoptosis to achieve anti-tumor effects (Yu et al., 2011; Liang et al., 2014; Liang et al., 2015; Wang et al., 2018; Li et al., 2019; Qiang et al., 2019; Zhang et al., 2020; Shetty et al., 2021; Ham et al., 2022; Jabbari et al., 2022; Mishra et al., 2023).