TNF and Alzheimer disease: Tanshinone, a primary active metabolite in Salvia miltiorrhiza (derived from Danshen), has been found to lower the levels of IL-6, TNF-α, and P-NF-κB/NF-κB in the brain tissue of AD mouse model, while increasing the expression of BDNF, P-PI3K/PI3K, and P-AKT/AKT, thereby improving cognitive function (Yi et al., 2021).