MTOR and Alzheimer disease: In addition to the PI3K/AKT pathway, research has shown that herbal formulations and extracts derived from TCM can improve AD pathology through multiple targets by modulating pathways such as NF-κB, Nrf2, JAK/STAT, ubiquitin-proteasome, PPARα, AMPK/mTOR, and SIRT1 (Ding et al., 2022).