CST3 and diabetic kidney disease: Some studies have reported additional clinical biomarkers that may be useful for diagnosing DKD, including glomerular biomarkers (e.g., cystatin C), tubular biomarkers (e.g., urinary cystatin C, and kidney injury molecule-1), inflammatory biomarkers (e.g., tumor necrotic factor-alpha and transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ)), oxidative stress biomarkers (e.g., 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2′-deoxyguanosine and uric acid), emerging biomarkers (e.g., microRNAs), and certain genetic markers (e.g., aldo-keto reductase family 1 member A1 gene).