On the other hand, research suggested that the inhibition of Toll-like receptor 4/Nuclear factor kappa B (TLR4/NF-κB) signaling and the enhancement of gut microbiota abundance might be key mechanisms the therapeutic efficacy of Gegen Qinlian decoction as well as other TCM decoctions in the treatment of IBD (109, 110). Here, NFKB1 is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.