PDCD1 and neoplasm: Additionally, exhaustion markers including programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 (TIM-3), and lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG-3) were upregulated (Figures 1H–J; Supplementary Figures S2C-E), alongside impaired tumor-killing capacity of CAR-T cells at all effector-target ratios (Figures 1K–M).