MFAP4 and prostate carcinoma: Also, MFAP4 protein levels are higher in tissue samples of PDA compared to non-tumor pancreas [13], but its role in malignancy across other carcinomas remains unclear due to inconsistent literature; while some studies report MFAP4 upregulation in aggressive prostate cancer [41], others show downregulation compared to benign prostate hyperplasia [42].