In sum, spatial protein and transcriptomic profiling and seq-IF of human glioblastomas before and after treatment with ICI suggest that IL-6 may support glioblastoma tumorigenesis and stemness to drive resistance to therapy through target genes like ANXA1 and EGFR, and pathway effectors such a p-ERK1/2, p-AKT, and p-STAT3. The gene discussed is IL6; the disease is glioblastoma.