RNA-sequencing data from the Ivy Glioblastoma Atlas Project42, where cells from distinct histological regions were isolated by microdissection, showed that IL-6 expression was highest in viable pseudopalisading tumor cells adjacent to intratumor necrosis43 (Fig. 6d), and analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) outcomes data showed that elevated IL-6 expression was associated with reduced overall survival in glioblastoma patients (Fig. 6e). This evidence concerns the gene IL6 and glioblastoma.