DSF binds to copper (Cu2+) ions, inhibits glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β) activity through PARP1 signaling inhibition, upregulates programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression, and synergistically enhances the efficacy of anti-PD-1 antibodies to effectively slow HCC progression (69). The gene discussed is CD274; the disease is hepatocellular carcinoma.