IGF1 and Alzheimer disease: In a 3 × Tg-AD mouse model, a 9-week aerobic exercise regimen elevated insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels, activated the PI3K/Akt pathway, improved autophagy-lysosome function, reduced Aβ accumulation, and suppressed necroptosis, ultimately improving cognitive function (Pena et al., 2020).