BDNF and Alzheimer disease: Evidence from rodent studies demonstrates that exercise can attenuate AD pathology by modulating neurotrophic factors—such as BDNF—and autophagy pathways, suppressing necroptosis, reducing Aβ accumulation, and inhibiting tau hyperphosphorylation, thereby enhancing cognitive function (Heyn et al., 2004; Weuve et al., 2004).