TNF and Alzheimer disease: Aβ oligomers (Aβo) are associated with necroptosis activation (pMLKL) in the brains of AD patients. Aβo triggers microglial activation, leading to TNF-α release, which induces necroptosis in neurons through the TNFR1-RIPK1/RIPK3-MLKL pathway. Pharmacological inhibition of necroptosis prevents Aβo-induced neurodegeneration and memory loss.