ALB and nutritional deficiency disease: Several serum markers have been explored for assessing malnutrition, including serum proteins such as albumin and prealbumin, as well as retinol-binding protein (RBP), transferrin, total cholesterol, and inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein (CRP) and total lymphocyte count (TLC) [7]. Serum albumin, the most abundant plasma protein, is essential for maintaining oncotic pressure, transporting vital substances, and reflecting the body's nutritional and inflammatory status [8].