By modulating key pathways associated with cancer cell stemness—such as Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, Hedgehos, TGF-β, PI3K/Akt or STAT—it may be possible to indirectly affect macrophage polarization a tumor-promoting to a tumor-suppressive state (23, 24). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and neoplasm.