TNF and COVID-19: On the other hand, our study shows partial alignment with prior research, which demonstrated that, both initially and during recovery from symptomatic COVID-19, fully vaccinated individuals had lower levels of inflammatory markers i.e., IL-2RA, IL-7, IL-8, IL-15, IL-29, IP-10, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and TNF-α compared to unvaccinated participants.