LPA and atherosclerosis: For instance, Ong et al. [29] discovered that increased plasmaLp(a) levels were significantly linked to a rise in CAC volume, particularly inthose with elevated inflammatory and coagulation markers, which suggests thatLp(a) could act as a possible biomarker for the progression of CAC volume,highlighting its importance in cardiovascular disease risk assessment.Additionally, a substantial prospective cohort study from the Multi-Ethnic Studyof Atherosclerosis (MESA) found that increased Lp(a) levels were linked to afaster progression of CAC [30].