CALR and cancer: Nevertheless, when CDDP was used in conjunction with ER stress inducers, such as thapsigargin or tunicamycin, CRT cell surface exposure and the immunogenicity of treated cancer cells can be reestablished.82 In addition to ER stress inducers, Type I IFN was proven to be effective in restoring the phosphorylation of eIF2α and CRT surface exposure in a sequential interferon β (IFN-β) and CDDP treatment93,206 although whether this combination therapy can also enhance the antitumour immune response in vivo remains unclear.