DDIT3 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: In addition, Pio treatment in the diabetes group increased GRP78 (3.72-fold) mRNA levels further compared to the T2DM + MC group (T2DM + Pio vs. T2DM + MC, p < 0.001, n = 5); however, no change was observed in ATF4 and CHOP mRNA levels.