HSPA5 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: As shown in Figure 1, ATF4 (2.95-fold), CHOP (2.46-fold), and GRP78 (4.79-fold) mRNA levels were significantly increased in T2DM compared to the control group (T2DM + MC vs. Control + MC, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, and p < 0.01, respectively, n = 5).