Regarding liver metabolism: increased Atf3 expression has been associated with hepatic steatosis and impaired glucose homeostasis in ZDF rats (17) and Atf3-overexpressing mice (18, 19), but other studies exhibit protective effects of liver-specific Atf3 on hepatic lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis in both human and mouse models of obesity and metabolic dysfunction–associated fatty liver disease (19, 20, 21). This evidence concerns the gene ATF3 and Hepatic steatosis.