We confirmed the immunosuppressive role of AF-MSCs preconditioning them with a pro-inflammatory cocktail consisting of cytokines identified as key mediators to the MSCs activation [71] (TNF-α and IFN-γ, 20 ng/ml) secreted immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory factors (Pge-2, Tnf-α, and Tgf- b) [72]. Here, IFNG is linked to atrial fibrillation.