TNF and viral infectious disease: These pathways include those triggered by bacterial infections such as Group A Streptococcus (GAS), Staphylococcus aureus, Francisella tularensis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Yersinia pestis), as well as viral infections like influenza A virus (IAV), Ebola virus, and coronaviruses (SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV), which predominantly engage the TNF and JNK signaling pathways [105].