Upon infection, pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) present on HRV, such as elements of the HRV capsid and HRV-RNA, engage host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), retinoic acid inducible gene-1 (RIG-1) and melanoma differentiation associated gene 5 (MDA-5) [24]. Here, PLAAT4 is linked to infection.