MAPK3 and neoplasm: Endothelium is one of the main constituents of the tumor microenvironment64–66, and increased angiogenesis has been identified as a marker of field of cancerization67–71 Furthermore, it is shown that exposure to CS, and specifically nicotine, increases angiogenic cytokines, including VEGF39,72–74, leading to the survival and proliferation of ECs via the PI3 kinase/Akt31 and ERK1/2 axes75,76.