Protecting BV-2 microglial cells from the oxidative stress and inflammation induced by Aβ1-42 oligomers involves reducing endogenous nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species levels, decreasing the expression of iNOS and Nox enzymes, and diminishing the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β. Furthermore, carnosine can enhance the expression and secretion of TGF-β1 and improve IL-10 levels, thereby preventing amyloid β-induced neurodegenerative diseases. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is neurodegenerative disease.