Moreover, lower expression of immune checkpoint molecules including T-cell immunoglobulin mucin-3 (Tim-3) and programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) was found in CD45RA−CCR7+CD4+ memory T cells in the PE group, suggesting that these cells have a lower immunosuppressive capacity (Chen et al., 2022b; Fanelli et al., 2021; Rasmussen et al., 2022; Wang et al., 2016), there was no significant difference in the GDM or GDM&PE groups comparing with the NP group (Figure 2E). This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and gestational diabetes.