INS and metabolic syndrome: Numerous studies have proven that SF was associated with other CVD risk factors, such as diabetes (Sun et al., 2013), hypertension (Piperno et al., 2002), elevated fasting insulin and blood glucose (Tuomainen et al., 1997), central adiposity (Gillum, 2001), and metabolic syndrome (Jehn, Clark & Guallar, 2004; Suárez-Ortegón et al., 2018), suggesting that SF may play a significant role in metabolism.