Another study used 3D in vitro PDAC tumor models to examine the interactions of macrophages and cancer cells in hypoxic settings in the presence of various chemical and molecular gradients and demonstrated that hypoxic macrophages reprogrammed tumor cell responses, evidenced by higher TGF‐β and PD‐L1 expression compared to monocultures of tumor cells [72]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to neoplasm.