Newborns with CS were more frequently born from mothers treated inadequately (p 0.02), had higher probability of NICU admission (p < 0.001), had a higher VDRL titer (p 0.076), a higher probability of receiving a lumbar puncture (0.008), higher AST (p 0.089) and ALT (p 0.005). This evidence concerns the gene GPT and Cowden syndrome 1.