HNF4A and MODY: Numerous independent studies have identified rare variants in genes such as HNF4A, GCK, HNF1A, PDX1, HNF1B, NEUROD1, KLF11, CEL, PAX4, INS, BLK, ABCC8, KCNJ11, and APPL1 that are associated with MODY and may influence disease through multiple mechanisms [66].