TGFB1 and diabetes mellitus: Consistent findings were likewise observed in diabetic rats administered with fermented-rich GABA Juice [29]; GABA’s intervention markedly exhibited anti-inflammatory properties, as evidenced by significant reductions in the serum levels of different inflammatory cytokines, including interferon–gamma (IFN–γ), IL-6, and transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1), all of which are associated with the progression of diabetes-related complications.