TNF and colitis: The mechanisms by which ginger-derived exosomes exert healing effects in colitis models were regarded as increased survival and proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), decreases in the pro-inflammatory cytokine production (e.g., TNF-a, IL-6, and IL-1β), and enhanced production of the anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10 and IL-22) [7].