GSK3B and lung carcinoma: As illustrated in Figure 1 and Figure 2, various phytochemical classes, including alkaloids (hydrastine, sanguinarine, and berberine), flavonoids (baicalein, baicalin, wogonin, and glabridin), and phenolic compounds (curcumin, caffeic acid, and shogaol), can effectively target the key nodes of the PI3K/AKT signaling cascade, such as PI3K, AKT, and mTOR, as well as downstream effectors, including GSK-3β, FOXO, and BAD, and suppress cell cycle progression, proliferation, and metastasis while inducing apoptosis in lung cancer.