However, NK cell-based therapies face multiple challenges: MHC class I chain-related protein A shedding in chronic HIV infection [187]; immune cell exhaustion due to long-term antigen stimulation; reduced NK cell function after cryopreservation and transport; weak cytotoxicity of NK cells from chronically infected patients; lack of efficient gene transfer methods; and high cost and long preparation time for CAR-modified immune cells [188]. Here, MICA is linked to HIV infectious disease.