TNF and rheumatoid arthritis: The results of the current study indicated that CFA-induced RA led to a significant increase in the serum levels of inflammatory mediators, including TNF-α (p < 0.001, Figure 12A), the TNF-α/IL-10 ratio (p < 0.01, Figure 12C), CRP (p < 0.001, Figure 12D), anti-CCP (p < 0.001, Figure 12E), and RF (p < 0.01, Figure 12F), and a marked reduction in the serum levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 (p < 0.001, Figure 12B) compared to the sham group.