INS and hyperinsulinism: Insulin resistance (IR) has been firmly linked to ASCVD through three principal pathways: (i) the inherent molecular defect driving IR [18,19,20], (ii) the compensatory hyperinsulinemia produced by pancreatic β-cells in response to diminished insulin action [21], and (iii) the aggregation of metabolic derangements collectively termed as insulin resistance syndrome (IRS) [22,23,24,25].