A study conducted by Olsson indicates that elevated levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1/CCL2), and macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α/CCL3) are associated with PDA [117]. Here, CCL2 is linked to Patent ductus arteriosus.