Moreover, functionalized TMV coat protein monomers and oligomers were tested as nanocarriers for anti-cancer peptides that target the transmembrane as well as the extracellular domain of the neuropilin 1 (NRP1) receptor in cancer cells, disrupting NRP1 interactions and downregulating the AKT downstream survival signal or NRP1-dependent angiogenesis [102]. Here, GOLPH3 is linked to cancer.