Age (p = 0.475), sex (p = 0.318), smoking (p = 0.081), treatment of DM with other medications than insulin (p > 0.05 for all medications), statin use (p = 0.146), presence of hypertension (p = 0.280), dyslipidemia (p = 0.281), and nephropathy (p = 0.704) were not significantly associated with DR. The gene discussed is INS; the disease is metabolic syndrome.