INS and diabetes mellitus: The male sex was found to be associated with DME (OR = 1.95, 95% CI: 1.02–3.73, p = 0.044), as well as duration of DM greater than 17 years (OR = 2.05, 95% CI: 1.08–3.92, p = 0.029), insulin use (OR = 2.38, 95% CI: 1.25–4.52, p = 0.008), and neuropathy (OR = 2.34, 95% CI: 1.16–4.73, p = 0.018).