Kawakami et al. [146] demonstrated in their study that hypermethylation of the APC gene promoter region was present in abnormal esophageal tissue from 48 (92%) of 52 patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma, 16 (50%) of 32 patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, and 17 (39.5%) of 43 patients with Barrett’s metaplasia. This evidence concerns the gene APC and Barrett esophagus.