These high levels of ROS initiate an inflammatory cascade which involves IkB kinase (IKK), Mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK) Extra and nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐κB) signalling complexes, resulting in the release of many inflammatory cytokines and tumour necrosis factors, which is damaging for CKD patients.28 This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and chronic kidney disease.