We found that MAPK signalling, NF‐κB, cellular senescence, cell cycle, TNF signalling, apoptosis and transforming growth factor‐beta signalling to be the most significant biologically relevant enriched pathways between the CKD biopsies and reference biopsies, with most of these pathways also identified as significant in our prior proteomic clustering analysis, as well as the organoid analysis (Table 4). Here, TNF is linked to chronic kidney disease.