HMGB1 and acute kidney injury: Upon activation with LPS, the TNF‐α/HMGB1 pathway is triggered in M1 macrophages, resulting in increased pyroptosis, whereas suppressing TNF‐α signaling can effectively inhibit macrophage pyroptosis.[51] Both M1 and M2 macrophages contribute to the pathogenesis of AKI by modulating the production of inflammatory mediators and promoting cell death, including pyroptosis.