PDCD1 and coinfection: Although few studies have evaluated the role of these inhibitors in VL/HIV co-infection, Ethiopian VL/HIV patients, even under cART, showed high levels of T-cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains (TIGIT) and PD1 on CD8-positive and CD8-negative T cells, along with reduced T-cell functionality as a result of the lower frequency of IFN-γ+ on TIGIT+ T cells (136).