ALB and diabetes mellitus: Monitoring these biomarkers is critical for preventing or managing the adverse physiological effects of diabetes (Yazdanpanah et al., 2017), and other emerging biomarkers like glycated albumin (GA) and methylglyoxal (MGO) are gaining attention (Kouzuma et al., 2002; Freitas et al., 2017; Piuri et al., 2020; Belinskaia et al., 2021).