TLR4 and transient ischemic attack: Kim E. et al. (2017) reported that DEX inactivated the TLR4/NF-κB pathway, reducing inflammation and conferring neuroprotection against transient cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. Similarly, Zhou X. Y. et al. (2019) found that DEX attenuated the through modulation of the TLR4/NF-κB pathway, significantly improving cognitive dysfunction in aged POCD mice.