It should be emphasized that in a latest phase 1-2a clinical trial study (GDFATHER-1/2a trial, NCT04725474), neutralizing GDF15 antibody has been developed and shown great performance in overcoming anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 resistance in solid tumors, especially NSCLC (43), indicating that GDF15 is not only a diagnostic biomarker, but also an efficient treatment target. The gene discussed is CD274; the disease is non-small cell lung carcinoma.