TNF and dementia: These results confirmed previous human findings showing that levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (i.e., IL-1β, TNFα, and IL-18), sCAMs (i.e., sVCAM1, sPECAM1, sICAM3, sCD44), and NfL were associated with the progression of cognitive decline in dementia (Nielsen et al., 2007; Leblhuber et al., 2015; Ashton et al., 2021; Drake et al., 2021; Rasi Marzabadi et al., 2021; Hosoki et al., 2023).