VEGFD and atrial fibrillation: Elevated levels of VEGF-D have been described in patients with atrial fibrillation and ischemic stroke,33 HF,9 congestion,11, 12 and PH.34, 35 In our previous study, elevated plasma VEGF-D in advanced HF decreased 1 year after HT toward healthy controls levels, and correlated inter-individually with multiple invasive hemodynamic parameters, including PAC,12 which is a prognostic marker for HF and PH,36 as well as a predictor of mortality in HF with preserved ejection fraction.37