TLR4 and neoplasm: There is cumulative evidence that the Toll pathway promotes tumor progression through activation of JNK signaling (Figure 1G) (Dillard et al., 2024; Mishra-Gorur et al., 2019; Ding et al., 2022), a pathway well established to trigger tumor cell invasion through activation of matrix metalloproteinase gene mmp1 (Uhlirova and Bohmann, 2006).