CIN, which is often associated with tumorigenesis in mammals and flies (Nowak et al., 2002; Dekanty et al., 2012; Barrio et al., 2023; Gerlach and Herranz, 2020), also induces local and systemic immune responses: ROS-triggered local activation of Toll signaling in CIN-affected cells is suggested to induce a systemic immune response and to mediate the effective JNK-mediated death of transformed epithelial cells (Liu et al., 2015). This evidence concerns the gene TLR4 and cervical squamous intraepithelial neoplasia.