In addition, Jab1 is indispensable for maintaining PD-L1 stability in cancer cells, where it inhibits the ubiquitination and degradation of PD-L1, thereby suppressing tumor-infiltrating cytotoxic T-cell immune responses (Lim et al., 2016) and fostering tumor progression and migration (Liu et al., 2020; Ruan et al., 2021). Here, CD274 is linked to cancer.