They include the human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y, which is widely used in neurotoxicity research, producing various pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, as well as the cancer cell lines Caco-2 (colorectal adenocarcinoma) and HEp-2 (human epithelial cells derived from a larynx carcinoma). Here, TNF is linked to cancer.