In this study, we have employed a comprehensive approach that integrates bioinformatics, molecular docking, and metabolomics to elucidate the therapeutic mechanisms of Pue in ameliorating IR and diabetes mellitus in mice, focusing on how Pue targets the HIF-1α/SPTLC2 pathway to modulate ceramide production (Figure 8). The gene discussed is HIF1A; the disease is diabetes mellitus.